Anthropologist, Writer, Filmmaker
Exploring what it means to be human in the biotech age.
Diane Tober is Associate Professor at the University of Alabama Department of Anthropology and Institute for Social Science Research. She is a medical anthropologist with a focus on biocultural aspects of health, gender and sexuality, the commodification of the body, science and technology studies, bioethics, and social and reproductive justice. She has been conducting research exploring egg donors’ decisions and experiences within the global market for human eggs since 2013. With funding from the National Science Foundation, she is comparing egg donation in the United States and Spain. She has conducted field research in Iran, Spain, and the United States.
Her first book, Romancing the Sperm: Shifting Biopolitics and the Making of Modern Families (Rutgers 2018), explores the intersections between the sperm banking industry, the men who provide sperm, and the single women and lesbian couples who use donor sperm to conceive a child. Tracing the changes in use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies from the 1990s to today, Romancing the Sperm investigates the role technology plays in the changing meanings of family.
Her second book, Eggonomics: The Global Market in Human Eggs and the Donors Who Supply Them (Routledge 2024) illuminates the emotional and physical journeys egg donors embark upon as suppliers of valuable commodities, to reveal the uncomfortable realities that lie at the heart of the multi-billion dollar per year human egg industry. Eggonomics reveals how the pressures of global capitalism challenge medicine’s prime directive of ‘do no harm.’
In addition to her research, she is also producer/director of the documentary film, The Perfect Donor, currently in post production. Her work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, The Social Science Research Council, The University of California, San Francisco, and American Institute for Iranian Studies, among others.
Coming Soon!
Eggonomics: About the Book
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What are the consequences when people are reduced to products? By pulling back the clinical curtain on the multi-billion-dollar per year global egg industry, that is one of the central questions Eggonomics seeks to address. Tracing the emotional and physical journeys egg donors embark upon as suppliers of valuable commodities, this book reveals uncomfortable realities at the heart of the industry. Donors and the eggs they provide are absolutely essential to helping others create the families of their dreams.
But not all clinics treat their donors as well as their paying patients, and many donors suffer as a result. Technological innovations allow the egg donation industry to expand, fueling the private equity incursion into fertility medicine, turning once-private clinics into highly profitable, multinational conglomerates.
Drawing upon anthropological fieldwork in the United States and Spain, Eggonomics reveals the clinical spaces where egg donor’s bodies are tested, prodded, and poked for ever-increasing sums of profit, eugenic forces drive donor selection, and the unrelenting pressures of global capitalism threaten medicine’s prime directive of ‘do no harm.’ Timely, meticulously researched, and written with surgical precision, Eggonomics is a crucial read for researchers, medical professionals, policymakers, and anyone considering becoming or using an egg donor.
In the News!
Three Makes Baby
Dr. Diane Tober Conducts the First Long-term Research on Egg Donors, By Jana Rupnow, LPC
Medical anthropologist Diane Tober talks about her book, Romancing the Sperm, and her research on sperm donation, egg donation, and egg freezing. She is conducting the largest mixed method study on egg donors, with over 500 egg donors from all over the world. It began eight years ago with a call from an egg donor with a group called, We Are Egg Donors...
Spark
Rise of Human Egg Donations, with Kellee Marlow, June 18, 2020.
With the advances in reproductive technology, women donating their eggs to aspiring parents has become a flourishing and lucrative industry. Kellee Marlow of Spark on KXSF.FM in San Francisco, explores this growing trend with Diane Tober, a leading expert on egg donation and reproductive health policy. This interview takes a deeper dive into health and ethical considerations involved with human egg donation.
Wired
"Inside the Quietly Lucrative Business of Donating Human Eggs," By Paris Martineau,
April 23, 2019.
“There's a huge lack of data there to really [allow women] to make informed decisions,” says Dr. Diane Tober, an assistant professor at the UC San Francisco, who studies egg donors. “And that's really problematic, obviously, when you have people making decisions that could affect their future health, well-being, and their ability to have children.”
Ads or marketing materials targeting potential donors rarely mention the risks or common complaints. Liz Scheier donated eggs three times between 2005 and 2007, and says she was told there were no known risks associated with egg donation. Today, Scheier is a media liaison for We Are Egg Donors, a women’s health organization that works with more than 1,500 donors to promote transparency and advocate for their concerns. She says that donors nowadays hear the same line she did, delivered almost verbatim. But it’s missing one key detail. “There are no known risks because no one has looked,” she adds.
Tober aims to change that. She has spent the past five years interviewing hundreds of egg donors and studying the short- and long-term impacts of the procedure....
Read the full article here.
Alyssa Foote; Getty Images
Video/TV Appearances
Dr. Diane Tober, with Sharon Anderson Morris, talking about her research and upcoming documentary film on egg donation, at FiReFilms, Documentaries that Change the World panel.
Dr. Diane Tober interviewed by Dr. Aimee Eyvazaadeh about "Making Modern Families," on The Egg Whisperer Show!
WSB-TV, Atlanta Do Ads for Egg Donors Go Too Far? Interview with Sophia Choi, November 2, 2016.
Interviews
Medium Making Modern Families with Donor Eggs and Sperm: A Conversation with Dr. Diane Tober. By Dr. Aimee Eyvazzadeh, July 26, 2018.
The Meaning of Family An Interview with Dr. Diane Tober, Author of Romancing the Sperm, By Audrey Arnold
Our ideas about families have undergone significant changes over the past couple decades, a shift that author, filmmaker, and anthropologist Diane Tober has been studying the past twenty years. Her new book Romancing the Sperm: Shifting Biopolitics and the Making of Modern Families chronicles the shifting landscape of modern families and Rutgers University Press will release it on November 5.
Read the full interview here
Podcasts and Radio
HuffPost IVFML Season 2, Episode 7, "Is Egg and Sperm Donation 'Worth It'? By Anna Almendrala, December 5, 2018.
KQED Forum "The Benefits and Risks of Egg Donation and Freezing." Interview with Tonya Mosley, May 4, 2018
KQED Forum "Hi, You're My Donor Dad!" Interview with Mina Kim, July 27, 2018
Articles by Diane Tober
Compensating Egg Donors: United States vs Spain. In Impact Ethics, by Diane Tober, February 4, 2019.
Compensating egg donors is currently a hot button issue. Opponents argue that permitting egg donors to be paid could lead to “undue inducement,” which is concerning given the known and unknown risks related to the injectable hormones and surgical procedures required for egg extraction. Proponents bemoan the shortage of women willing to provide eggs purely out of altruistic motives, and see payment as a solution to the shortage problem and reasonable in light of the time, trouble, and potential risks women endure when they become egg donors.
Despite the controversies, there is little understanding of how different compensation structures actually affect donors’ decisions and experiences.
In this article I consider how different compensation schemes for donation affect the experiences and choices of egg donors and announces the launch of her research project which analyzes egg donation practices in the US and Spain.
Read more here.
Feminist Paradoxes, In Boston Review, by Diane Tober, November 19, 2018
Merve Emre rejects the concept of “the natural” in the realm of human reproduction. She also challenges the reader to look beyond gendered binaries to think about the human experience of reproduction in an expanded way—one that includes single individuals, same-sex couples, and trans and gender-nonconforming people—for a maximally inclusive feminist solidarity.
I appreciate this undertaking even if Emre’s rejection of the “natural” is not new. Feminist anthropologists, such as Sylvia Yanagisako and Jane Collier, have long critiqued ideas of “natural sex,” gender binaries, and “natural” male and female procreative roles. It seems to me though that Emre’s dictum, “all reproduction . . . is assisted,” may unnecessarily limit what can be meant by a term as capacious as “natural.” Read more here.
Navigating the Decision to Become an Egg Donor, Diane Tober, FertilitySmarts
Egg donor advertisements are everywhere. On popular music streaming sites. On Craigslist and Facebook. In campus newspapers or even fashion magazines. Most egg donation advertisements mention the thousands of dollars you can receive to provide eggs, and how your sacrifice can bring joy to people who desperately want a child but have been unable to conceive on their own. You might think egg donation is a good way to make money in a short period of time while helping someone have a baby. But before becoming an egg donor, there are a lot of things you should consider.
The egg donation process is complicated. From first thinking about becoming an egg donor to being selected and going through hormone injections and retrieval surgery and recovery, there is a lot of information you will need to know in order to best advocate for yourself. You will be undergoing medical tests and procedures, psychological counseling, possibly genetic testing and counseling, negotiating legal contracts and having surgery under anesthesia.
In this article you will find out more information about navigating the initial decision to determine if egg donation is the right choice for you. Takeaway: Deciding to donate your eggs is a big decision that should be well-informed.
Read the rest here!
The Medical Process--For Egg Donors. By Dr. Diane Tober, Fertility Smarts
Becoming an egg donor can feel overwhelming and scary—especially the first time! Once you’ve been selected, the process can move pretty fast. Here is what you can expect from the medical process of providing eggs.
Every month, in a natural menstrual cycle, women produce multiple egg follicles (sacs in the ovaries that hold the developing eggs), but only one follicle will become a mature egg and be released from the ovary during ovulation. The remainder of the other developing follicles do not receive enough hormones from the body to develop into mature eggs, so they pass from the body during menstruation. Some women naturally have more developing follicles than others—what’s known as your resting antral follicle count—and the number of eggs your body produces may change from month to month, and reduce over time.
In an egg donation cycle, a physician prescribes medications, or fertility drugs, to stimulate the ovaries to get more follicles to develop into mature eggs than the usual one per month. There are many different medication protocols that can be used to create a higher number of mature eggs than usual, a process known as superovulation.
Your egg donor medication protocol may vary depending upon which doctor you go to, your resting antral follicle count and other fertility tests, and how many follicles are developing mature eggs in a single cycle. If you’re a repeat donor and have your protocol information that worked well for you (or didn’t) from a prior cycle you can share that information with the doctor, and they may agree to adjust your protocol accordingly.
It is important that you understand which drugs you will be taking up front, what trigger shot the doctor plans on using, and how many eggs they aim to retrieve.
Takeaway: Upfront, you should know: which drugs you will be taking during stimulation, what trigger shot the doctor plans on using, and how many eggs they aim to retrieve. Read the rest here!
